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...... 2) At the same time, many agencies are suffering from a range of long-standing management problems that are undermining their ability to efficiently, economically, and effectively accomplish their missions and achieve results
3) New leadership models are needed to help elevate, integrate, and institutionalize these business transformation and management reform efforts. (Dejewski, 2007)[17]

III. Basis for Development of Best Practices for Implementation
The GAO is stated to have studied organizations with COO/CMO positions to develop guidance/best practices for implementation. Information was gathered by the GAO on the experiences and view of officials at four organizations with COO/CMO-type positions in place:
(1) Department of the Treasury;
(2) Internal Revenue Services;
(3) Department of Justice; and
(4) Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (GAO, 2008)[18]

The GAO is stated to have convened a forum on April 24, 2007, for the purpose of gaining insights from those who had experience and expertise in the transformation of business as well as in federal and private sector management and most specifically change management. (Dejewski, 2007)[19]
It is reported that since each agency has its own set of characteristics, challenges and opportunities, the type of COO/CMO to be established in a federal agency should be determined within

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