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...... The traditional focus of policing has always been the deterrence, prevention, and detection of crime. However, at an even more basic everyday-level, policing functions ensure compliance with municipal ordinances either by virtue of potential arrest for violations or of the eventual criminal consequences of the failure to pay punitive fines levied in response to the failure to comply with the laws of society (Schmalleger, 2008). Without the policing function, those who comply with the laws of society would have no way of ensuring that other do as well. Likewise, without the policing function, punitive fines would be incapable of motivating compliance simply because there would be no consequences of refusing to pay fines
Today, the role of policing has expanded tremendously, substantially as a result of the rise of international terrorism linked to political extremism. The realities and risks associated with modern Islamic anti-Western terrorism in particular have reshaped much of modern domestic law enforcement (Safir, 2003). Intelligence gathering and counterintelligence functions must now involve many domestic and international police agencies and absolutely demands a degree of mutual cooperation and interdependence previously all but unknown in law enforcement on any large scale (Carlson, 2008; Carter, 2005; Johnson, 2007)......

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