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.... I

The Liberal philosophy acknowledges the Western canon as the source of authority in adult learning and holds that learning is for the sake of learning and that this should take place through lectures, study groups as well as critical reading and discussion. In contrasts the Progressive school of thought holds that learning is derived from the experiences of the learner through problem-solving and ongoing learning. The Humanist school of thought views the source of learner to be the learner and that learning takes place experientially. The Radical school of though views the sources of learning to be the imbalance existing socioeconomically and socio-politically and holds that noncompulsory learning and autonomy combined with critical thinking skills are the optimal learning methods.
PART II

Elias and Merriam (1980) identified six philosophies of adult education: (1) Behaviorist: Behavior modification; (2) Liberal: Organized knowledge for intellectual development; (3) Analytic: Logical and scientific positivism; (4) Progressive: Social reform; (5) Humanistic: Personal growth; (6) Radical: Radical social change (Strom, 1996) It was the belief of Elias and Merriam that adult education is influenced greatly by progressive, humanistic and radical philosophies and that the purposes and contexts of specific fields of practice will often determine

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