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...... Common errors of leaders which Kotter lists are (1) allowing for too much complacency, (2) failing to create a sufficiently powerful guiding coalition, (3) underestimating the power of vision, (4) undercommunicating the vision by a factor of 10 (or 100 or 1000), (5) permitting obstacles to block new vision, (6) failing to create short-term wins, (7) declaring victory too soon, and (8) neglecting to anchor changes firmly in the corporate culture (Kotter, 1996, 16)
Confucius, a Chinese philosopher from the fourth century BC founded a philosophy which emphasized morality for oneself and the government, with values invested in social relationships, sincerity and justice. He urged disciples to think for themselves, to study the outside world, to relate the ancient religious and secular writings and past political events to the present in order to solve problems. Rulers should be morally upright, devoted to the people and pursuing personal and social perfection and to lead by example, not by imposing rules. He also valued human life over property and tried to live by universal ethical principles. Kotter tries to express this in his writings, as well, essentially saying that a leader has to have faith in his or her employees and

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