Excerpt from Term Paper:

...... Skocpal explains that the revolutionary crises resulted at the time when the old regimes were no longer able to confront the challenges of the rapid changes within them as well as in the world at large. France, Russia and China had been able to thrive because of the autocratic monarchies that maintained a social order and dealt with external threats, such as the English, Japanese and Prussians. In addition, the three nation states had advanced military and administrative structures along with varying bureaucratic functioning
The three countries were also essentially agriculturally based, more so than industry or commerce, with peasants and upper-class landowners who were the mainstay of the government. The political form was feudal in nature with the owners renting out the land for use by the peasantry in exchange for the agricultural products. The political conflict in all three of the old regimes was not between commercial-industrial classes and landed aristocracies, but rather centered on relationships of the producing classes or peasants to the dominant classes or landowners and states and in the relationships of the landed dominant classes to the autocratic imperial states......

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