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In calculating DICE scores, the authors suggest quantifying the duration of the project including milestones, integrity of performance in the context of time spent in completing tasks, senior management commitment, local-level or employee commitment, and effort. The equation that emerges is as follows:

DICE Score = D + (2Xi) + (2XC1) + c2 + e

While the authors admit that the process of quantifying the performance of these factors can lean towards the subjective, their argument for greater accuracy and precision tends to lean towards project management over the statistical precision their equations project. The authors end their discussion with a return to the common best practices in change management many other experts in the field espouse, which includes C-level commitment and verbalizing of change being needed and personal ownership being critical

Business Process Reengineering

Another approach that has become pervasively relied on for bringing change into organizations is Business Process Reengineering. Michael Hammer in his many books on this topic including The Agenda (2003) illustrate through examples, financial analysis, and intensive analysis of how companies can improve their financial performance through examining their many processes and re-defining them for greater competitive performance. Davenport (1992) prescribes a five-step approach

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