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...... This is not to say, though, that instances of racism, discrimination and suspicion of Arab Americans did not exist prior to the events of September 11, 2001. In this regard, Akram (2002) reports that, The demonizing of Arabs and Muslims in America began well before the terrible tragedy of September 11, 2001. It can be traced to deliberate mythmaking by film and media, stereotyping as part of conscious strategy of 'experts' and polemicists on the Middle East, the selling of a foreign policy agenda by U.S. government officials and groups seeking to affect that agenda, and a public susceptible to images identifying the unwelcome 'other' in its midst (p. 61). Likewise, Fox (2001, p. 123) suggests that together with other peoples of color, Arab Americans have been subjected to indignities such as police harassment, anti-immigrant legislation, media stereotyping, lower expectations in education, ridicule (of an accent, of physical characteristics), fear and avoidance, questioning of abilities, and so on even prior to the terrorist attacks of September 11. The portrayal of Arabs in American media prior to September 11 where characterized by stereotypical images of swarthy large-nosed characters for men, and . . . Arab women are usually shown in

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