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...... Conversely, the Mota study (2003) employed only a speaking (word) span test (Mota, 2003 p75) without any test of other cognitive processes potentially involved in foreign language learning and recall. Similarly, the non-word span test employed by the Kormos and Safar study, (2008) is a much more direct (and therefore, reliable) measure of raw memory, the word span test employed by the Kormos study (2003) introduces extraneous variables
That is a function of the complex cognitive mechanisms involved in human language processing and speech, which Kormos explicitly acknowledges as possibly the most complex of all human cognitive processes (Levelt, 1995 in Kormos, 2003 p88). Given that characterization, the use of a word span test in which performance could quite conceivably measure other variables besides raw working memory, such as parallel recognition and various other associative or pneumonic devices instead of a non-word span test likely undermined the validity of the Mota study (2003) results......

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